: Equipment designed to change the sequence of operations to accommodate different product configurations (e.g., industrial robots).

: The mechanism that actuates the instructions, often using closed-loop or open-loop feedback. Categories of Automation :

: An extension of programmable automation that allows for product changeovers with zero downtime. 2. Production Systems Infrastructure

: A defined set of commands that direct the process (e.g., CNC code).

Automation refers to the use of mechanized equipment and computer systems to perform physical tasks, reducing or eliminating the need for human oversight. :

: High-volume production with a fixed equipment configuration (e.g., transfer lines).

: Energy required to accomplish the process and operate the system components.