These engines compress only air (or air combined with exhaust gases) during the intake stroke to achieve high efficiency and compression.

Allows for different drive wheel speeds. Development Goals & Trends

Consistent, high-quality lubrication is critical, often called the "blood" of the vehicle, to reduce friction, prevent overheating, and protect components from wear. Key Transmission Components

This informative overview covers core principles, components, and design goals for engines and transmissions based on engineering fundamentals and industry standards.

Improved fuel-air ratio controls and advanced spark timing enhance efficiency in spark-ignition engines.

Modern transmission development focuses on balancing a variety of conflicting goals to optimize performance and efficiency:

Effect of Automotive Parts on Vehicle and Engine Emissions: Phase I