: While 3D printing creates static objects, 4D printing adds the dimension of time . By using smart materials that respond to stimuli—such as heat, light, or water—objects can change their shape or function after being printed.

: The book discusses how computational design allows for materials to be "programmed" at the micro-level to perform specific physical tasks, reducing the need for external motors or complex assembly.

: A significant portion of this volume focuses on applying these additive techniques to medicine , including the creation of living tissue and organs through multi-material printing.