: Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine specific obstacle clearance altitudes (OCA/H) for each type. Key Technical Components
Volume II is divided into parts that address different navigation technologies and phases of flight:
: Establishing parameters for turn areas, including wind spirals and bank angles, to ensure aircraft stay within protected airspace. Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2
: Specific rules for straight and turning departures, often requiring minimum climb gradients (typically 3.3%) to clear obstacles.
: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS. : Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine
The primary goal of Volume II is to standardize how States, operators, and charting organizations design flight procedures. This uniformity ensures that a pilot flying into any international aerodrome can rely on consistent safety margins, regardless of local terrain. Key areas of focus include:
: Modern criteria for GPS and area navigation, including RNP (Required Navigation Performance) and Baro-VNAV. : Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR,
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations