The Reformation split Europe into Catholic and Protestant camps, turning political rivalries into holy wars.
The war devastated Central Europe, particularly Germany, through famine and disease. 📜 The Peace of Westphalia (1648) The Reformation split Europe into Catholic and Protestant
France and Sweden emerged as dominant European powers, while the Holy Roman Empire was significantly weakened. 💡 Core Vocabulary 💡 Core Vocabulary Section 14 of the 7th-grade
Section 14 of the 7th-grade History of Modern Times (typically based on the textbook by A.Y. Yudovskaya ) explores the complex web of European politics, focusing on the transition from medieval dynastic conflicts to state-centered diplomacy. 🌍 Key Political Landscape The House of Hapsburg aimed for a "Universal
The transition of society from religious values toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.
The House of Hapsburg aimed for a "Universal Monarchy" under the Holy Roman Empire, leading to tensions with other emerging powers.