: Used after instruction to certify mastery or assign grades.
: Asking students to apply knowledge in real-world scenarios (e.g., portfolios or labs).
Define (the data) vs. evaluation (the judgment).
: Used during instruction to identify gaps and adjust teaching strategies.
: Every assessment must match specific learning outcomes.
: "By prioritizing valid and reliable assessment design, educators can mitigate cultural bias and provide equitable learning opportunities for diverse student populations."